Enharmonics and diatonics are 2 fundamental elements of music theory. Enharmonics, when defined, simply means notes that are written differently but sound and are played the same. To give you a better example, lets apply this to a piano. When looking at a piano you can see that there is not a black note for every white note on the keyboard. If you play a note that is a half step above an F it can be called an F# (F sharp). You can also play a note that is a half step below a G and it can be called a Gb (G flat). Both notes are written differently but sound and are played the same. This same theory can be applied to guitars and other instruments. Here is a list of enharmonics:
A
A#/Bb
B/Cb
B#/C
C#/Db
D
D#/Eb
E/Fb
E#/F
F#/Gb
G
G#/Ab
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Next are diatonics. When you look at a common 7 tone scale, this simply means that each note is used at least once. Here is an example of a C Major scale:
Here is an example of a scale that would be incorrect:
Notice that there is no F or C. The E an the A have also been used twice. Here is an example of the same scale (E Major) correctly written:
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